Why A Laptop Need Heat Dissipation?

The two main heat sources inside a computer are the CPU and GPU, formally known as the Central Processing Unit and Graphics Processing Unit, the latter also known as the graphics card. The CPU acts similar to the human brain, handling logical operations of various information within the computer, while the GPU translates the information processed by the CPU into 2D images displayed on the screen, outputting the graphics. Due to current technological limitations, there will inevitably be electrical resistance inside the CPU and GPU after they are manufactured. Although the voltage is just over 1V when the CPU and GPU are working, there is a current as high as tens of Amperes, which generates a lot of heat during high-speed computation. If the heat is not dissipated in time, the accumulated heat will burn out the CPU and GPU, causing the computer to stop working.

To protect the CPU and GPU, engineers have set a "thermal wall" for the computer. As the name implies, the function of the wall is to block. When this temperature is reached, the CPU and graphics card will actively reduce the frequency to reduce heat generation, commonly known as "hitting the thermal wall". We all know that a significant factor in the speed of a computer comes from the main frequency of the CPU/GPU. The higher the frequency, the faster the speed. Therefore, after the frequency is reduced, the direct performance is that the computer runs slowly, lags, and the computer will even be forced to shut down for self-protection when overheated. In this case, the computer's heat dissipation work becomes particularly important.

For better heat dissipation, the laptop is almost covered with a large copper plate (or aluminum material) covering the CPU and GPU cores, with a heat pipe welded on the copper plate and the other end welded on the heat sink. Due to the characteristics of the heat pipe itself, the heat will quickly transfer from the copper plate to the fins, and then the fan will blow the hot fins to take away the heat.

Copper and aluminum have excellent heat conduction abilities and can quickly transfer heat from the CPU and GPU cores to the copper plate. However, due to processing technology limitations, the surface roughness of the CPU, GPU cores, and copper plate is different, and it is impossible to fit perfectly, so a good thermal conductor is needed to fill the gap between the two and transfer the heat. The most commonly used is thermal grease, and the more high-end use is liquid gold (liquid metal, which has excellent thermal conductivity and good fluidity, but the disadvantage is that it conducts electricity, and once it leaks, it is easy to burn the motherboard). The role of this kind of substance is to act as a filler and heat conductor. So, the trend of heat is like this:

CPU/GPU generates heat → thermal grease → copper plate → heat pipe → other end of heat pipe → heat sink → air around the fins → fan blows away.

Any issues in any phase of the cooling process could lead to heat build-up inside the computer, causing the computer to overheat. This could lead to a series of problems, such as reduced computer speed, lag, or frequent restarts. Therefore, maintaining a good cooling system is crucial for maintaining good computer performance. This includes regularly cleaning the dust from the computer fan, ensuring all parts of the cooling system are functioning properly, and upgrading or replacing hardware when necessary.

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